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Resumen El síndrome de Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (SMRKH) es una anomalía del tracto genital femenino caracterizada por ausencia congénita del útero y porción superior de la vagina. Ocurre en uno de cada 4,500 nacimientos y se diagnostica normalmente durante la adolescencia al presentarse amenorrea primaria. Su función ovárica está preservada, pero la información actual respecto al potencial reproductivo de estas pacientes es limitada. Se presenta el caso de una mujer con diagnóstico de SMRKH sometida a estimulación ovárica para transferencia de embriones a útero subrogado y se discute su potencial reproductivo: técnicas de reproducción asistida, intervenciones e impacto psicológico.
Abstract Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome (MRKH) is a congenital anomaly of the female genital tract characterized by congenital absence of the uterus and upper part of the vagina. It occurs in 4,500 female births and diagnosis is usually made during adolescence when primary amenorrhea presents. They have functioning ovaries but data regarding their reproductive potential is limited. We hereby report the case of a woman diagnosed with MRKH syndrome in whom assisted reproductive techniques were used to try to achieve pregnancy by gestational surrogacy and their reproductive potential is discussed: assisted reproductive techniques, procedures, and psychological impact.
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Embryo transfer (ET) is the final step of in vitro fertilization (IVF). Different strategies have been proposed to increase the likelihood of implantation, such as post-transfer bed rest. The objective of this manuscript was to compare the clinical outcomes of embryo transfers after IVF of patients offered rest vs. early ambulation. The patient, intervention, comparison, and outcome(s) (PICO) model was used to select the study population, which included women/couples submitted to IVF and prescribed bed rest or early ambulation. Only studies including live birth (LB) as an outcome were included (www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/CRD42020188716) A systematic search for studies was conducted on MEDLINE, ClinicalTrials.gov, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library. A librarian coordinated the searches in May 2020, which considered articles published since 1995. All original peer-reviewed articles in English were included, regardless of study design. The search retrieved 27 citations, of which 14 were eligible for full-text analysis and four accepted for inclusion. The studies included data on 21,598 patients/cycles (rest: 20,138; early ambulation: 1,460). Patients prescribed bed rest had an LB rate of 43.6% vs. 52.5% in the individuals not offered bed rest. The meta-analysis yielded an odds ratio of 0.77 (95% CI 0.5-1.2), which means patients on bed rest were 23% less likely to have a LB; nevertheless, this difference was not statistically significant. Considering that there is no difference between the two strategies, there is no evidence to recommend bed rest after embryo transfer.
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Coeficiente de Natalidade , Deambulação Precoce , Repouso em Cama , Transferência Embrionária , Feminino , Fertilização in vitro , Humanos , Nascido Vivo , Gravidez , Taxa de GravidezRESUMO
Antecedentes: Históricamente, el enfoque de la investigación en torno al microbioma se ha centrado en patología, mientras que su fisiología se ha ignorado en gran medida. La importancia de este papel fi- siológico se demostró cuando el proyecto del genoma humano se publicó en 2001. Objetivo: Discutir la investigación actual sobre el microbioma del tracto reproductivo femenino, con el fin de proporcionar una opinión experta sobre cómo utilizar este conocimiento en la práctica clínica del diagnóstico y tra- tamiento en el área de la ginecología, la obstetricia y la infertilidad. Material y metodos: En septiembre de 2020, se realizó una búsqueda electrónica en las bases de datos: PubMed y Google Scholar. La es- trategia de búsqueda incluyó palabras clave relacionadas con la literatura científica sobre el microbioma del tracto reproductivo femenino, como (sólo o en combinación): microflora, microbiota, tracto genital, reproducción, semen, vagina, útero, cervical, placenta, concepción, reproducción asistida y microbioma urogenital. La búsqueda se limitó a ensayos clínicos, estudios de cohorte (prospectivos y retrospectivos) y transversales, revisiones sistemáticas y revisiones de la literatura publicados entre 2000 y agosto de 2020. Resultados: Se reunieron 109 artículos de los que se eliminaron 73 por duplicidad y 4 no cum- plieron los criterios de inclusión; al final se analizaron 32 artículos. Tras la revisión de la literatura, se exponen los conceptos más relevantes para entender el impacto de la microbiota y su microbioma tanto en el área de la obstetricia, como de la ginecología y de la medicina reproductiva. AU)
Background:Historically, the focus of research around the microbiome has been on pathology, while its physiology hasbeen largely ignored. The importance of this physiological role was demonstrated when the Human Genome Project waspublished in 2001. Objective:To discuss current research on the female reproductive tract microbiome, in order to providean expert opinion on how to use this knowledge in the clinical practice in the area of gynecology, obstetrics and infertility.Material and methods:In September 20, an electronic search was carried out in PubMed and Google Scholar. Thesearch strategy included keywords related to the scientific literature on the female reproductive tract microbiome, such as(alone or in combination): microflora, microbiota, genital tract, reproduction, semen, vagina, uterus, cervical, placenta,conception, assisted reproduction and the urogenital microbiome. The search was limited to clinical trials, cohort studies(prospective and retrospective) and cross-sectional, systematic reviews, and reviews of the literature published between2000 and August 2020. Results:A total of 109 articles were identified after the search, of which 73 were eliminated dueto duplication, and 4 did not meet the inclusion criteria. In the end, 32 articles were analyzed. After thoroughly reviewingthe literature, the most relevant concepts are exposed to understand the impact of the microbiota and its microbiome bothin the area of obstetrics, gynecology and reproductive medicine. Conclusions:A comprehensive understanding of therole of the reproductive microbiome guarantees improvements in fertility treatments and of the reproductive health in ge-neral. Although the field is new, there are already ways to use what is known to improve clinical practice and achievebetter results in the different facets of a woman's life. (AU)
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Humanos , Microbiota , Ginecologia , Diagnóstico , TerapêuticaRESUMO
The impact of gonadotropins used for COS on the rate of embryo aneuploidy in patients without the negative effects of age as a confounding factor, is still a subject of lively debate. We ran a systematic search for studies in MEDLINE, PubMed, Google Scholar and the Cochrane Library. A librarian coordinated the search in December of 2020. We included all original peer-reviewed papers in English, irrespective of study-design. There were no restrictions concerning method of amplification or platform used to analyze the amplified DNA. We used the PICO model to select the study population. We included women/couples submitted to COS for IVF with the intention to genetically analyze her/their embryos through PGT. The primary outcome was the rate of aneuploidy. We used the Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) score to evaluate the quality of the studies included. The search yielded 73 citations, and 14 were eligible for analysis, which included data on 4805 cycles. Media quality NOS score was 8. Although it has been demonstrated that natural cycles are associated with aneuploidy, it does seem that more robust stimulations are indeed associated with a higher proportion of aneuploidy. Nevertheless, a higher response is associated with an increased number of euploid embryos available for transfer, which translates into more embryo-transfer cycles with a prospective higher cumulative live birth rate. Further evidence is needed to ascertain if there is a negative impact of COS, especially at the cellular level.
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Testes Genéticos , Nascido Vivo , Aneuploidia , Feminino , Fertilização in vitro/métodos , Testes Genéticos/métodos , Humanos , Indução da Ovulação , Gravidez , Taxa de Gravidez , Estudos Prospectivos , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Resumen: ANTECEDENTES: La inmunología de la reproducción no es un área nueva: siempre ha estado relacionada con el aborto recurrente y con la falla repetida en la implantación, sobre todo en el contexto de una fertilización in vitro. Recientemente emergieron nuevos conceptos importantes que los ginecoobstetras deben considerar. OBJETIVO: Interrelacionar los conceptos básicos de inmunología, embriología y reproducción asistida para comprender mejor lo que la primera puede resolver y lo que no. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio retrospectivo efectuado con base en la búsqueda electrónica, llevada a cabo en febrero de 2020 en las bases de datos: PubMed y Google Scholar con los siguientes términos (MeSH): abortion, spontaneous/immunology; embryo implantation/immunology; HLA-c antigens/immunology; immune tolerance/immunology; immunity, maternally-acquired/immunology; uterus/immunology; killer cells, natural/immunology; placentation/immunology; receptors, kir/immunology; antigen presentation/genetics; antigen presentation/immunology; maternal-fetal exchange/genetics; maternal-fetal exchange/immunology. RESULTADOS: Se reunieron 289 artículos y se eliminaron 248 por no cumplir con los criterios de inclusión; solo se analizaron 41. Los artículos identificados sirvieron de base para actualizar la situación de la inmunología en el contexto de la medicina de la reproducción. Durante el proceso se revisaron otros artículos que sirvieran de soporte bibliográfico a los conceptos descritos en esta revisión. CONCLUSIONES: Debido al destacado interés en el estudio de la genética de los embriones, la medicina de la reproducción se enfocó más en ella y dejó de lado a la inmunología. Sin embargo, como la genética sigue sin poder explicar de manera adecuada las fallas en la implantación, la inmunología de la reproducción vuelve a cobrar impulso.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Reproductive immunology is not a new area in reproductive medicine, it has always been related to recurrent miscarriage and repeated implantation failure, especially in the context of IVF. Recently, new concepts have emerged that are important for OBGYN specialists to keep in mind. OBJECTIVE: Interrelating the basic concepts of immunology, embryology and assisted reproduction to better understand what the former can and cannot solve. METHODOLOGY: Retrospective study based on the electronic search, carried out in February 2020, in the databases: PubMed and Google Scholar with the following terms (MeSH) The following MeSH terms were used: Abortion, Spontaneous/immunology; Embryo Implantation/immunology; HLA-C Antigens/immunology; Immune Tolerance/immunology; Immunity, Maternally-Acquired/immunology; Uterus/immunology; Killer Cells, Natural/immunology; Placentation/immunology; Receptors, KIR/immunology; Antigen Presentation/genetics; Antigen Presentation/immunology; Maternal-Fetal Exchange/genetics; Maternal-Fetal Exchange/immunology. RESULTS: 289 articles were collected, and 248 articles were deleted because they did not meet the inclusion criteria; only 41 were analyzed. The articles identified served as a basis for updating the status of immunology in the context of reproductive medicine. During the process, other articles were reviewed to serve as bibliographic support for the concepts described in this review. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the outstanding interest in the study of embryo genetics, reproductive medicine focused more on it and left immunology aside. However, since genetics still cannot adequately explain implantation failures, reproductive immunology is gaining momentum again.
